Sensors and Actuators

Sensors: The Senses of the Robot

Sensors are the "eyes, ears, and skin" of a robot, allowing it to perceive its environment and its own internal state.

Vision (Cameras): Cameras are one of the most versatile sensors in robotics, providing rich information about the world.
Depth (LiDAR, Depth Cameras): LiDAR and depth cameras provide 3D information about the environment, which is essential for navigation and obstacle avoidance.
Inertia (IMUs): Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs) are used to measure the robot's orientation and motion.
Position (GPS, Encoders): GPS is used for outdoor navigation, while encoders are used to measure the position of the robot's joints.
Force and Touch (Tactile Sensors): Tactile sensors allow a robot to "feel" its environment, which is crucial for manipulation and grasping.

Actuators are the "muscles" of a robot, converting energy into physical motion.

Electric Motors: The most common type of actuator in robotics. This includes DC motors, servo motors, and stepper motors.
Hydraulic and Pneumatic Actuators: Used in applications that require high force or speed.